Fall Foliage Colors

The information contained on this page will vary from season to season depending on several variables. These are primarily temperature and moisture, which will affect the sugar levels in some of the trees and bushes, causing them to be a different color than that which is listed. We are blessed with many different trees in this area, and can enjoy the colors without having to drive to "Brown County" to enjoy nature at its finest.

SpeciesScientific NameComments
Fir BalsamAbies balsameaThis tree remains green during year round, and provides a contrast to those that do change color in the fall.
Fir FraserAbies fraseriThis tree remains green during year round, and provides a contrast to those that do change color in the fall.
Fir WhiteAbies concolorBluish or grayish green; new growth light green or bluish green; on some forms silvery-blue. This tree remains green during year round, and provides a contrast to those that do change color in the fall.
Maple AmurAcer ginnalaDark glossy green of summer changes to shades of yellow and red in fall; does not fall color consistently; best coloration seen in full sun situations.
Maple PaperbarkAcer griseumFall color varies from brown to yellow, to red, depending on the sugar levels.
Maple Crimson KingAcer platanoides
cul. 'Crimson King'
A cultivar of Norway Maple. Maroon leaf color throughout growing season.
Maple RedAcer rubrumFall color varies from greenish yellow to yellow to brilliant red. Does not always have brilliant red fall color. The cultivar ablaze has brilliant red fall color.
Maple Box ElderAcer negundoFoliage turns yellow green to brown in fall.
Maple JapaneseAcer palmatum
var.atropurpureum
Many turn a magnificant red in the fall.
Maple JapaneseAcer palmatumFoliage is green in summer, becoming yellow, bronze, purple or red in the fall.
Maple NorwayAcer platanoidesLeaves dark green in summer; sometimes changing to yellow to orange in the fall.
Maple SycamoreAcer pseudoplatanusLeaves turn a dull brown in the fall.
Maple SilverAcer saccharinumLeaves medium green during growing season; fall coloration usually is a green-yellow-brown coloration. A tinge of red in some trees may be attributable to hybridization with red maple.
Maple SugarAcer saccharumLeaves medium to dark green in summer; changing to brilliant yellow, burnt orange and limited red tones in autumn. There is a great variation in fall color among members of this species.
Maple Japanese
(fine texture)
Acer palmatum Dissectum
var. atropurpureum
Leaves deep red. In fall foliage turns burnt orange that implies that the plant is on fire.
Buckeye OhioAesculus glabraFoliage dark green in summer; fall color is often yellow but at times develops brilliant orange-red to reddish brown.
Horsechestnut Common Aesculus hippocastanumFall color often a poor yellow, and often the leaves develop a brown color.
Ailanthus Tree of HeavenAilanthus altissimaFoliage dark green in summer; no fall color.
Alder, Common EuropeanAlnus glutinosa
AKA Black or European Alder
Dark glossy green in summer. Fall color does not occur as the leaves abscise green or brown.
Serviceberry, Downy, or JuneberryAmelanchier arboreaLeaves medium to dark green in summer. Fall color varies from yellow to apricot-orange to dull, deep red. One of the finest small trees for fall color.
Serviceberry ShadblowAmelanchier canadensisFall color often is yellow and gold.
Chokeberry RedAronia arbutifoliaFoliage deep green in summer; in fall changes to red, rich crimson or reddish purple in fall.
Papaw CommonAsimina tribolaFoliage medium to dark green in summer; in fall changing to yellow or yellow-green; some trees change to brilliant yellow color in fall.
Azalea PinkAzalea sp.Light to dark green in growing season; no fall coloration
Barberry Rose GlowBerberis thunbergii
var. atropurpurea
New foliage is rose pink, mottled with deep purple splotches. Color gradually change to deep reddish purple. Fall color same.
Barberry JapaneseBerberis thunbergiiFoliage bright green in summer changing to orange, scarlet, and reddish purple in the fall. Usually variable in fall color.
Barberry GoldBerberis thunbergiiYellow throughout the growing season and fall.
Barberry Crimson PigmyBerberis thunbergi
var. atropurpurea Crimson Pigmy
Green in summer changing to orange, scarlet, or reddish purple in the fall. Variable in fall color. Foliage color best when plant is grown in full sun.
Birch SweetBetula lentaMedium size tree. Foliage dark green in summer changing to golden yellow. Has best fall color of commonly cultivated birches in Midwest.
Birch GrayBetula populifoliaLeaves dark glossy green in summer and changing to yellow in the fall.
Birch RiverBetula nigraFoliage medium to dark green in summer; changing to yellow in fall. Fall color of this species is seldom attractive.
Birch PaperBetula papyrifera
var. papyrifera
Leaves dull dark green in summer and changing to yellow in the fall.
Buterfly-bush or summer lilacBuddleia davidiiLilac flowers. No fall color
BoxwoodBuxus microphyllaLeaves medium green in summer; changing to yellow-green-brown in winter.
Trumpetcreeper CommonCampsis radicansFoliage dark green in summer; changing to yellow-green in the fall.
Peashrub SiberianCaragana arborescensLeaves light bright green in summer, and briefly yellow-green in fall.
European HornbeamCarpinus betulusLeaves dark green in summer; changing to yellow or yellowish green in fall
Beech BlueCarpinus carolinianaAlso Musclewood, Ironwood, American Hornbeam. Foliage dark green in summer; changing to yellow, orange and scarlet in the fall. Considerable fall color variation exists.
Hickory PecanCarya illinoensisleaves of this tree are medium green in the growing season, and change to a dull brown and off yellow in the fall.
Hickory MockernutCarya tomentosaLeaves are medium to dark green during the growing season, and change to a brown in the fall.
Hickory BitternutCarya cordiformisLight to dark green in summer; yellow foliage in the fall.
Hickory PignutCarya glabraLeaves are medium green during the growing season, and change to a yellowish brown in the fall.
Hickory ShagbarkCarya ovataLight to dark green foliage in summer; yellow foliage in the fall.
Chestnut AmericanCastanea dentata Foliage dark green in growing season; fall coloration is brown to yellowish brown.
Catalpa NorthernCatalpa speciosaLeaves medium to bright green in summer, Fall color a poor yellow-green to brownish, and leaves often fall before coloring.
Bittersweet American Celastrus scandensLeaves deep glossy green in summer, and greenish yellow in the fall.
Hackberry CommonCeltis occidentalisLeaves light to medium green in the summer, and turn yellow to yellow-green in the fall.
Katsuratree Cercidiphyllum japonicaFoliage bluish green in summer, and fall color varies from yellow to apricot with emphasis on the yellow in the Midwest.
Redbud EasternCercis canadensisLeaves dark green in summer; fall color usually a poor yellow-green but can be yellow.
Common Flowering QuinceChaenomeies speciosaLeaves dark glossy green in summer; no fall color.
Yellowwood American Cladrastis kentukeaFormerly C. lutea. Best native medium sized flowering tree. Leaves bright green in summer; fall color yellow to golden yellow.
Dogwood Variegated Tartarian Cornus alba elegantissimaFoliage dark green in summer; fall color reddish purple.
Dogwood Red-OsierCornus sericea
Formerly C. stolonifera
Leaves medium to dark green in summer; in fall purplish to reddish in color.
Dogwood FloweringCornus floridaLeaves dark green in summer; fall color consistently red to purplish red. An excellent fall color tree.
Filbert AmericanCorylus americanaLeaves dark green in summer; in fall muddy yellow- green, sometimes with a reddish tint.
Harry Lauder's Walking Stick Corylus avellana
cul. contorta
Leaves green and twisted; fall coloration?
Smoketree CommonCotinus coggygriaLeaves medium yellow green in summer; in fall leaves yellow-red-purple. Fall color often poorly developed.
Smoke Tree American Cotinus obovatusLeaves bluish to dark green in summer; yellow, orange, red, and reddish purple in the fall.
Cotoneaster CranberryCotoneaster apiculataLeaves dark glossy green in summer; bronzy red or purplish tones in fall. Holds fall color into late November.
Cotoneaster SpreadingCotoneaster divaricatusLeaves dark glossy green in summer; in fall fluorescent yellow-red-purple combinations.
Hawthorne DownyCrataegus mollisLeaves yellow to bronze to bronze-red in fall.
Hawthorne WashingtonCrataegus phaenopyrumLeaves dark green in summer; orange to scarlet through purplish in fall.
Hawthorne Winter KingCrataegus viridis
'Winter King'
Leaves dark green in summer; fruits red in fall.
Cypress ArizonaCupressus arizonica glabraFoliage green, gray-green to blue green. No fall coloration.
Quince FloweringCydonia oblongaFoliage light to dark green in growing season; no fall coloration?
Deutzia SlenderDeutzia gracilisLeaves deep green in summer; does not color effectively in the fall.
Persimmon CommonDiospyros virginianaLeaves dark green in summer; yellow-green, yellow, or purplish-red in the fall.
Russian-OliveElaeagnus angustifoliaLeaves silver-green to gray-green in summer; no fall coloration.
Autumn-OliveElaeagnus umbellataFoliage bright green in summer; no fall color.
Burning Bush or winged EuonymusEuonymus alatus CompactusLeaves medium to dark green in summer; fall color usually a brilliant red. Is one of the most consistent fall coloring shrubs.
Euonymus WinterberryEuonymus bungeanusLeaves light to medium green; no fall coloration?
Wintercreeper EuonymusEuonymus coloratusLeaves deep glossy green in summer; turns plum purple in winter.
Euonymus Emerald GaietyEuonymus fortunei
cul. 'Emerald Gaiety'
Leaves have irregular white margin surrounding deep green center; margin becomes pink tinged in winter.
Euonymus Emerald-N-GoldEuonymus fortunei
cul. 'Emerald 'n Gold'
Foliage dark glossy green with yellow margins; leaves turn pink-red in fall.
Beech AmericanFagus grandifoliaLeaves dark green in summer; golden bronze in the fall.
Beech Purple-LeafFagus sylvatica 'Riversii'Leaves purple-green in summer. No fall color?
Forsythia BorderForsythia X intermediaLeaves medium to dark green in summer; green or yellow-green in fall, sometimes with a tinge of purple.
Ash GreenFraxinus pennsylvanicaVariable, medium to dark green in summer; yellow in the fall.
Ash BlueFraxinus quadrangulataLeaves dark green in summer and changing to pale yellow in the fall.
Ash WhiteFraxinus americanaLeaves dark green in summer changing to yellow to deep purple and maroon colors in the fall. Colors early, often by late September.
Ginkgo or Maidenhair tree Ginkgo bilobaLeaves bright green in summer and changing to a yellow in the fall.
Honeylocust SunburstThornless Gleditsia triacanthos
cul. Sunburst
New growth has golden colored leaves which change to bright green; yellow in the fall?
Honeylocust Thornless Common Gleditsia triacanthos
var. inermis
Leaves bright green in summer; clear yellow to yellow green in the fall. Leaves fall early.
Coffeetree Kentucky Gymnocladius dioicusLeaves dark bluish green in summer; yellow fall color.
Witch-hazel Chinese Hamamelis mollisLeaves medium greenin summer; yellow to yellow-orange in the fall.
Witch-hazel Common Hamamelis virginianaLeaves medium green in summer and yellow in the fall.
Althea Shrubby or Rose-of-SharonHibiscus syriacusLeaves medium green in summer; yellow in the fall.
Hydrangea Panicle Hydrangea paniculataLeaves dark green in summer; fall color is green with a hint of yellow, and sometimes a tinge of reddish purple appears.
Hydrangea White 12" blooms Hydrangea arborescensLeaves dark green in summer; fall color is green to brown.
Winterberry Common Ilex verticillata 'H. Red'Leaves deep green in summer; no significant fall color.
Holly EnglishIlex aquifoliumLeaves dark green in summer and winter.
Holly JapaneseIlex crenataLeaves dark green in summer and winter.
Holly Blue Princess Ilex meserveae
cul. 'Blue Princess'
Leaves dark green in summer and winter.
Holly AmericanIlex opacaFoliage dull to dark yellow green in summer.
Holly Blue PrinceIlex X meserveae 'Blue Prince'Leaves dark green in summer and winter.
ButternutJuglans cinereaLeaves dark green in summer. No fall color
Walnut BlackJuglans nigraLeaves dark green in summer. No fall color
Walnut EnglishJuglans regiaLeaves dark green in summer. No fall color
Juniper Gold TipJuniperus chinensis
cul. 'Pfizeriana aurea'
Foliage bright green; no fall coloration.
Juniper HorizontalJuniperus horizontalisFoliage bright green; no fall coloration.
Juniper ProstrateJuniperus horizontalisFoliage bright green; no fall coloration.
Juniper AndorraJuniperus hortizontalis
cul. plumosa
Foliage blue-green to gray-green; purplish in winter.
Juniper Yellow Mother Lode Juniperus hortizontalis 'Mother Lode'A gold variegated form.
Juniper Blue RugJuniperus hortizontalis wiltoniFoliage silver blue, and assumes a light purplish tinge in winter.
Redcedar EasternJuniperus virginianaFoliage medium green in summer and dirty green in winter, and variable from tree to tree.
Laurel Mountain 'O Fire'Kalmia latifolia 'Olympic Fire'Leaf color light yellow green to bronze; dark to yellowish green in winter.
Goldenraintree PanicledKoelreuteria paniculataLeaves bright green in summer; yellow and golden orange-yellow in fall.
Larch Eastern (Tamarack)Larix laricinaFoliage bright blue-green in summer; yellowish in the fall.
Privet JapaneseLigustrum japonicumFoliage dark green in summer; no fall color.
Privet Golden VicaryLigustrum X vicaryiFoliage golden yellow in summer; no fall color.
SweetgumLiquidambar styracifluaFoliage deep green in summer; changes to yellow-purple-red colors in the fall. Great variability in fall colors.
Yellow-PoplarLiriodendron tulipiferaLeaves bright green in summer; golden yellow or yellow in the fall.
Honeysuckle TartarianLonicera tartaricaFoliage bluish green in summer; yellow in fall.
Osage-OrangeMaclura pomiferaLeaves medium to dark green in summer; fall color varies from yellow-green to yellow.
Magnolia CucumbertreeMagnolia acuminataLeaves dark green in summer; green or brown in fall; some trees develop an ashy-brown fall color.
Magnolia SouthernMagnolia grandifloraLeaves dark green in summer;
Magnolia StarMagnolia stellataLeaves dark green in summer; yellow to bronze in the fall.
Magnolia SaucerMagnolia X soulangianaFoliage medium to deep flat green in summer; sometimes yellow-brown in the fall.
Grapeholly OregonMahonia aquifoliumLeaves dark green in summer; usually turning purplish in winter.
Crabapple SargentMalus sargentiiFoliage light to dark green in growing season; no fall coloration. Resistant to scab.
Crabapple Japanese Flowering Malus floribundaFoliage bright to dark green; no fall coloration.
Apple CommonMalus pumilaThre has medium to dark green leaves during the growing season. Leaves turn yellow to brown; no significant fall coloration.
Mulberry WhiteMorus albaLeaves yellow green to dark green in summer; fall color ranges from green to yellow-green to yellow.
Mulberry RedMorus rubraLeaves dark green in summer; fall color is subdued yellow.
Gum BlackNyssa sylvaticaLeaves dark green in summer; fluorescent yellow to orange to scarlet to purple colors in the fall.
Hophornbean American (Ironwood)Ostrya virginianaLeaves dark green in summer; yellow in the fall.
Pachysandra JapanesePachysandra terminalisLeaves light to dark green in summer; yellow in the fall.
Creeper Virginia (Woodbine)Parthenocissus quinquefoliaLeaves deep green in summer; purple-red to crimson-red in the fall.
Boston IvyParthenocissus tricuspidata 'Robusta'Leaves dark green in summer; shades of red and scarlet in the fall.
Mockorange SweetPhiladephus coronariusLeaves medium green in summer; no color change in the fall.
Spruce NorwayPicea abiesBright green to dark green; no fall color.
Spruce WhitePicea glauca Glaucous green; no fall color.
Spruce BluePicea pungens glaucaFoliage gray-green to blue-green; no fall color.
Spruce DwarfAlberta Picea glauca albertiana
var. conica
Leaves glaucous green year around; no fall color.
Andromeda JapanesePieris japonicaNew growth rich bronze, changing to dark green at maturity.
Pine AustrianPinus nigraNeedles dark green year around.
Pine RedPinus resinosaNeedles medium to dark green year around.
Pine Eastern WhitePinus strobusNeedles light to bluish-green; needles fall in latesummer-early fall of second year and interior of tree has yellow-brown needles at this time.
Pine ScotsPinus sylvestrisNeedles bluish-green and changing to yellowish green in the winter.
Pine Japanese BlackPinus thunbergianaLeaves dark green year around.
Pine VirginiaPinus virginianaNeedles yellow-green to dark green; yellow-green in the winter.
Sycamore AmericanPlatanus occidentalisLeaves medium to dark green in summer; fall color is tan to brown.
London Plane TreePlatanus X acerifoliaLeaves medium to dark green in summer; yellow-brown in the fall.
Poplar WhitePopulus albaLeaves green above and silvery white beneath in the summer; no fall coloration.
Cottonwood EasternPopulus deltoidesLeaves light to medium green in summer; traces of yellow leaf color in the fall.
Aspen BigtoothPopulus grandidentataLeaves dark green in summer; yellow fall color.
Poplar Lombardy BlackPopulus nigra v. italicaLeaves dark green in summer; yellow-brown in the fall.
Aspen TremblingPopulus tremuloidesLeaves dark green in summer; yellow fall color.
Cinquefoil BushPotentilla fruticosaLeaves bright to dark green in summer; green to yellow-green in the fall.
Potentilla Pink PearlPotentilla fruticosa
cul. 'Pink Pearl'
Leaves bright to dark green in summer; green to yellow-green in the fall.
Plum AmericanPrunus americanaLeaves dark green in summer; fall coloration?
Almond FloweringPrunus amygdalusFoliage light to dark green in growing season; Fall coloration?
ApricotPrunus armeniacaFoliage light to dark green; no fall coloration.
Cherry Common SweetPrunus aviumLeaves dark green in summer; yellow to bronze in the fall.
Cherry SourPrunus cerasusLeaves dark green in summer; yellow to bronze in the fall.
Cherry PinPrunus pennsylvanicaLeaves dark green in summer; yellow and red in the fall.
Peach Prunus persicaLeaves dark green in summer; yellow to red in the fall.
Purple Leafed PlumPrunus cerasifera
cul. atropurpurea
Leaves dark reddish-purple in summer and fall.
Cherry BlackPrunus serotinaLeaves dark green in summer; yellow to red in the fall.
Cherry Common ChokePrunus virginianaLeaves dark green in summer; reddish-purple in the fall.
Cherry Purpleleaf SandPrunus X cistenaLeaves reddish purple throughout the summer and fall.
Douglas-firPseudotsuga menziesiiFoliage bluish-green; no fall coloration.
Pyracantha (Orange)Pyracantha coccineaLeaves dark green in summer; brownish in winter.
Pear Bradford CalleryPyrus calleryana AristocratLeaves dark green in summer; scarlet to purple shades in the fall. Fall color variable, may be yellow to red.
Pear CommonPyrus communisLeaves dark green in summer; n significant fall color.
Oak SawtoothQuercus acutissimaLeaves dark green in summer; yellow to golden brown in the fall.
Oak ScarletQuercus coccineaLeaves dark green in summer; scarlet color in the fall.
Oak Shingle (Laurel)Quercus imbricariaLeaves dark green in summer; yellow-brown to russet-red colors in the fall. Old leaves often persist.
Oak WhiteQuercus albaLeaves dark green in summer; fall color varies from brown to red to wine color.
Oak Swamp WhiteQuercus bicolorLeaves dark green above, grayish green below in summer; yellow to red purple fall color.
Oak BurrQuercus macrocarpaLeaves dark green in summer; fall color is dull yellow-green, yellow, to yellow-brown.
Oak ChinquapinQuercus muehlenbergiiLeaves dark yellowish green in summer; fall color varies from yellow to orangish-brown to brown.
Oak PinQuercus palustrisLeaves dark green in summer; russet, bronze or red in the fall. Fall coloration is variable.
Oak ChestnutQuercus prinusLeaves dark yellow-green in summer; orange-yelllow to yellowish-brown in the fall.
Oak Northern RedQuercus rubraLeaves dark green in summer; russet-red to bright red in the fall.
Oak BlackQuercus veluntinaLeaves dark green in summer; fall color yellow to brown.
Buckthorn CommonRhamnus catharticaLeaves dark glossy green in summer; green to yellow green.
Rhodendron PJMRhododendron carolinianum x dauricumLeaves dark green in summer; purple in winter.
Rhodendron CatawbaRhododendron catawbienseLeaves dark green in summer; yellow-green in the fall.
Sumac SmoothRhus glabraLeaves medium to deep green in summer; orange-red-purple combinations in the fall.
Sumac StaghornRhus typhinaLeaves bright green in summer; yellor, orange, and scarlet in the fall.
Currant AlpineRibes alpinumLeaves deep bright green in summer; yellow in the fall.
Locust BlackRobinia pseudoacaciaLeaves dull deep blue-green in summer; yellow-green in the fall.
Rose MultifloraRosa multifloraLeaves bright green in summer; yellow fall color.
Willow WhiteSalix albaLeaves bright green in summer; golden yellow in the fall.
Willow WeepingSalix babylonicaLeaves light green in summer; yellow-brown in the fall.
Elder AmericanSambucus canadensisLeaves bright green in summer; fall color yellow green.
Elder Red (Scarlet)Sambucus pubensLeaves dark green in summer; yellow to red in fall.
Sassafras* CommonSassafras albidumLeaves bright to medium green in summer; yellow to deep orange to scarlet and purple in the fall.
Moutain-ash AmericanSorbus americanumLeaves dark green in summer; red to bronze in the fall.
Spirea Gold FlameSpiraea X bumalda
cul. Goldflame
Leaves rust-orange to bronze-red in summer; yellow to yellow-green in the fall.
Spirea VanhoutteiSpiraea X vanhoutteiLeaves dark blue green in summer; fall color nonexistent to purple.
Snowberry CommonSymphoricarpos albusLeaves bluish-green in summer; no fall color.
Lilac PersianSyringa pericaLeaves dark green in summer; no fall color?
Lilac CommonSyringa vulgarisLeaves dark to bluish-green in summer; no fall color?
BaldcypressTaxodium distichum v. distichumLeaves sage green in summer; russet,soft brown to orangish-brown.
Yew PyramidalTaxus cuspidata capitataFoliage dark green above, yellow-green beneath; no fall coloration.
Yew Dwarf JapaneseTaxus cuspidata
cul. nana
Foliage dark green above, yellow-green beneath; no fall coloration.
Yew EnglishTaxus baccataDark green and lustrous above; no fall color.
Yew CanadaTaxus canadensisLeaves dark green in summer; reddish tint in winter
Arborvitae PyramidalThuja occidentalis pyramidalisLeaves bright green in summer; yellow-brown- green in the winter.
Arborvitae EasternThuja occidentalisLeaves bright green in summer; yellow-brown-green in the winter.
Linden LittleleafTilia cordataLeaves shiny green in summer; yellow in the fall.
Linden American (Basswood)Tilia americanaLeaves dark green in summer; sometimes changing to pale yellow in the fall.
Poison IvyToxicodendron radicansLight to dark green in summer; shades of red in the fall.
Hemlock EasternTsuga canadensisLeaves light yellow green in summer;
Elm AmericanUlmus americanaLeaves dark green in summer; yellow in the fall. There is great variation in intensity of fall coloration.
Elm ChineseUlmus parvifoliaLeaves dark green in summer; yellowish to reddish purple in the fall.
Elm SiberianUlmus pumilaLeaves dark green in summer; yellow-brown in the fall.
Elm SlipperyUlmus rubraLeaves are dark green during the growing season, and change to a brown in the fall. There is no significant fall coloration with this tree.
Viburnum MapleleafViburnum acerifoliumLeaves dark green in summer; reddish purple in the fall.
Viburnum European CranberrybushViburnum opulusLeaves dark green in summer; yellow-red and reddish purple in the fall.
Viburnum BlackhawViburnum prunifoliumLeaves dark green in summer; purplish to reddish purple in the fall.
Periwinkle CommonVinca minorLeaves lustrous green in summer; losing some sheen in the fall.
Weigela Pink PrincessWeigela florida
cul. 'Pink Princess'
Leaves medium green in summer; no fall color.
Prickly-Ash CommonZanthoxylum americanumLeaves dark green in summer; no fall coloration.
Zelkova JapaneseZelkova serrataLeaves dark green in summer; yellow-orange brown in the fall.
Main source for color descriptions: Dirr, Michael A. 1990. "Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their identification, ornamental characteristics, culture, propagation and uses." Fourth Edition. Stipes Publishing Company, 10-12 Chester Street, Champaign, IL 61820. 1007 pages.

Information provided by Dr. Jerry Riffle, Plant Pathologist, Ace Pest Control - Webmaster - Carl Gilland.